James Abbott McNeill Whistler

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834–1903) was an American‑born painter and printmaker who worked chiefly in London and Paris. A leading voice of the Aesthetic Movement, he advanced the credo of “art for art’s sake,” titled works like musical compositions, and pursued tonal harmony across painting and print. His practice bridged refined portraiture, riverine nocturnes, and decorative design, marked by his butterfly monogram ^[5].